{
  "$schema": "https://www.peptideschool.org/data/peptideschool-research-source-taxonomy-v1.0.0.schema.json",
  "dataset": {
    "id": "peptideschool-research-source-taxonomy",
    "title": "PeptideSchool Research Source Taxonomy",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-11",
    "dateModified": "2026-08-11",
    "canonical": "https://www.peptideschool.org/sources-and-methodology",
    "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
    "publisher": "PeptideSchool",
    "author": "PeptideSchool Editorial Desk",
    "language": "en-US"
  },
  "scope": {
    "purpose": "Map a research or regulatory claim family to an appropriate source class, context checklist, and explicit insufficiency boundary.",
    "included": "Editorial source selection for public educational research and fact-checking.",
    "excluded": "Medical advice, personal protocols, treatment decisions, product recommendations, vendor approval, and automated evidence scoring.",
    "interpretation": "A preferred source class is a starting point. Direct relevance, record freshness, study design, jurisdiction, and claim wording still require human review."
  },
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "molecular-identity",
      "claimFamily": "Molecular identity",
      "claimQuestion": "What molecule, sequence, structure, or record is being described?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Curated scientific database plus the primary molecular record when available",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Canonical name or identifier; sequence or structure; source record date; aliases that were actually checked",
      "evidenceRole": "Establishes identity and prevents two differently named or modified molecules from being treated as interchangeable.",
      "requiredContext": "Record version, organism or construct where relevant, sequence or modification, salt or formulation boundary, and alias provenance.",
      "insufficientAlone": "A product page, search snippet, community alias, or matching name without a checked molecular record.",
      "reviewTriggers": "New identifier, conflicting sequence, new modification, broken record, or a claim that silently crosses formulations.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["mesh", "pubmed"]
    },
    {
      "id": "nomenclature-and-aliases",
      "claimFamily": "Nomenclature and aliases",
      "claimQuestion": "Do two names refer to the same documented entity in this source context?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Controlled vocabulary or authoritative database cross-reference",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Preferred term; entry terms or synonyms; stable identifier; source-specific definition",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports search expansion and alias resolution without declaring unverified equivalence.",
      "requiredContext": "The vocabulary system, date checked, exact record, and any sequence or formulation distinction.",
      "insufficientAlone": "Repeated use of an alias across vendor pages, forums, social posts, or search results.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Alias collision, newly published record, changed controlled term, or mismatched sequence.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["mesh"]
    },
    {
      "id": "preclinical-finding",
      "claimFamily": "Preclinical finding",
      "claimQuestion": "What was observed in a laboratory, cell, tissue, or animal model?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Primary peer-reviewed study",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Model; intervention or exposure; comparator; endpoint; timing; sample; result; limitations",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports a bounded statement about the tested model and conditions.",
      "requiredContext": "Model type, species or system, experimental conditions, endpoint definition, effect estimate, and replication status.",
      "insufficientAlone": "A mechanistic hypothesis, abstract fragment, press release, or extrapolation to a human outcome.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Correction, retraction, replication, later human evidence, materially different model, or unavailable full record.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["pubmed"]
    },
    {
      "id": "human-observational-finding",
      "claimFamily": "Human observational finding",
      "claimQuestion": "What association was observed in a defined human population?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Primary cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, or registry study",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Population; exposure; comparator; outcome; follow-up; adjustment set; effect estimate; uncertainty",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports an association statement within the observed population.",
      "requiredContext": "Study design, selection, confounding, missing data, measurement method, absolute scale, and generalizability.",
      "insufficientAlone": "An association presented as causation or a group estimate converted into an individual prediction.",
      "reviewTriggers": "New adjustment analysis, correction, competing study, materially longer follow-up, or changed outcome definition.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["pubmed", "equator"]
    },
    {
      "id": "randomized-trial-result",
      "claimFamily": "Randomized trial result",
      "claimQuestion": "What did a randomized comparison report for its registered outcomes?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Trial registry plus primary results report",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Registration; allocation; population; comparator; prespecified outcomes; analysis set; effect estimate; harms",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports a comparative trial statement tied to the tested intervention, population, outcome, and duration.",
      "requiredContext": "Registration timing, randomization, masking, attrition, endpoint hierarchy, multiplicity, confidence intervals, and deviations.",
      "insufficientAlone": "A registry entry without results, an abstract without method detail, or a secondary endpoint presented as the primary result.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Results posting, corrected article, protocol amendment, long-term follow-up, regulatory action, or retraction.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["clinicaltrials", "consort", "pubmed"]
    },
    {
      "id": "systematic-review-and-meta-analysis",
      "claimFamily": "Systematic review or meta-analysis",
      "claimQuestion": "How was a body of studies searched, selected, assessed, and synthesized?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Complete systematic review or meta-analysis report",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Protocol or registration; search strategy; eligibility; included studies; risk of bias; synthesis method; uncertainty",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports a synthesis statement when the review question and included evidence directly match the claim.",
      "requiredContext": "Search date, study designs, heterogeneity, publication bias, certainty assessment, effect scale, and sensitivity analysis.",
      "insufficientAlone": "The label meta-analysis, a pooled number without its included studies, or a review that answers a different question.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Updated search, corrected included study, retraction, new high-weight trial, or changed synthesis method.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["prisma", "pubmed"]
    },
    {
      "id": "trial-registration-status",
      "claimFamily": "Trial registration status",
      "claimQuestion": "What does the registry currently report about a study design, status, or results record?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Official trial registry record",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Registry identifier; sponsor; study type; status; dates; arms; outcomes; results-posting state",
      "evidenceRole": "Establishes what the registry reports at the recorded access date.",
      "requiredContext": "Jurisdiction, update date, recruitment status, submitted versus posted results, and whether peer-reviewed results exist.",
      "insufficientAlone": "Proof that an intervention is effective, safe, approved, completed, or represented accurately outside the registry.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Status change, results posting, record update, termination, publication, or regulatory action.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["clinicaltrials"]
    },
    {
      "id": "regulatory-approval-and-labeling",
      "claimFamily": "Regulatory approval or labeling",
      "claimQuestion": "What has a named regulator approved, licensed, authorized, labeled, limited, or changed?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Official regulator database, approval record, label, or safety communication",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Regulator; jurisdiction; product; formulation; indication; action; effective date; source record",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports a jurisdiction- and product-specific regulatory statement.",
      "requiredContext": "Exact product, active ingredient, dosage form, route, indication, sponsor, action date, and current record status.",
      "insufficientAlone": "Approval of a different product, formulation, route, indication, or jurisdiction; registration in a trial database.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Label revision, approval action, withdrawal, safety communication, database update, or jurisdiction change.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["fda"]
    },
    {
      "id": "safety-signal",
      "claimFamily": "Safety signal or adverse-event report",
      "claimQuestion": "What safety observation was reported, and what can the record establish?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Regulator safety communication, reviewed surveillance analysis, or primary safety report",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Population or reporting system; event definition; exposure context; denominator if available; time window; uncertainty",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports a bounded description of a reported signal or observed event pattern.",
      "requiredContext": "Spontaneous versus systematically collected data, duplicate reports, denominator, confounding, seriousness, and regulator conclusion.",
      "insufficientAlone": "A single report or raw count presented as incidence, prevalence, causality, comparative safety, or individual risk.",
      "reviewTriggers": "New regulator assessment, label change, denominator update, controlled study, duplicate correction, or signal closure.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["fda", "pubmed"]
    },
    {
      "id": "measurement-and-units",
      "claimFamily": "Measurement, units, or metrology",
      "claimQuestion": "What unit, conversion, uncertainty, or measurement convention applies?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Official metrology standard or authoritative measurement guidance",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Quantity; unit; symbol; conversion relationship; uncertainty convention; edition or version",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports definitions and dimensional checks for research calculations.",
      "requiredContext": "Unit family, prefix, dimensional compatibility, rounding stage, significant figures, and stated uncertainty.",
      "insufficientAlone": "A calculator output without its units, assumptions, input validation, or dimensional relationship.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Standard revision, corrected conversion, unit mismatch, changed rounding contract, or new measurement method.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["nist", "bipm"]
    },
    {
      "id": "statistical-interpretation",
      "claimFamily": "Statistical interpretation",
      "claimQuestion": "What do the estimate, interval, test, and analysis assumptions support?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Primary study analysis plus an appropriate statistical standard or methods reference",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Estimand; effect scale; estimate; confidence interval; test; analysis set; missing-data and multiplicity handling",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports interpretation of magnitude and uncertainty without turning one threshold into a conclusion.",
      "requiredContext": "Absolute and relative scale, prespecification, sample size, model assumptions, multiple testing, missing data, and practical relevance.",
      "insufficientAlone": "A p-value threshold, significance label, confidence interval, or model output isolated from design and effect size.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Corrected analysis, alternative model, multiplicity adjustment, endpoint reclassification, or clarified estimand.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["asa", "pubmed"]
    },
    {
      "id": "reporting-completeness",
      "claimFamily": "Reporting completeness",
      "claimQuestion": "Was the study report checked against an appropriate reporting guideline?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Current reporting guideline and complete study report",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Study design; applicable guideline; checklist or required items; report version; missing items",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports a transparent assessment of what the report includes or omits.",
      "requiredContext": "Guideline scope, study type, version, extensions, protocol availability, and whether omission affects interpretation.",
      "insufficientAlone": "Proof that the design was unbiased, the analysis was correct, the findings replicate, or the claim is true.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Guideline update, corrected report, protocol release, appendix publication, or newly identified omission.",
      "exampleSourceIds": ["equator", "consort", "prisma"]
    },
    {
      "id": "commercial-first-party-claim",
      "claimFamily": "Commercial or vendor first-party claim",
      "claimQuestion": "What does a seller, sponsor, or product owner claim about its own offering?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "The exact first-party page, retained only as claim provenance",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Claim wording; claimant; URL; access date; product identity; linked substantiation if any",
      "evidenceRole": "Documents that a claim was made and supports product-interface or messaging analysis.",
      "requiredContext": "Commercial interest, jurisdiction, product identity, date, whether the claim changed, and independent supporting records.",
      "insufficientAlone": "Scientific effectiveness, safety, regulatory approval, quality, popularity, customer outcome, or independent endorsement.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Claim change, page removal, regulator action, correction, substantiation publication, or product identity change.",
      "exampleSourceIds": []
    },
    {
      "id": "community-and-search-language",
      "claimFamily": "Community, forum, social, or search language",
      "claimQuestion": "What vocabulary or question pattern appears in public discussion or search behavior?",
      "preferredSourceClass": "Timestamped public observation or licensed aggregate query report",
      "minimumRecordSet": "Exact observation source; date; market or community context; sampling limits; privacy-safe aggregation",
      "evidenceRole": "Supports question discovery, vocabulary mapping, and hypotheses for future research content.",
      "requiredContext": "Sampling bias, platform rules, geography, date, identity uncertainty, and separation from scientific evidence.",
      "insufficientAlone": "Truth, prevalence, safety, effectiveness, medical need, customer quality, demand certainty, or campaign eligibility.",
      "reviewTriggers": "Material trend change, platform policy change, new first-party search data, privacy concern, or evidence-source availability.",
      "exampleSourceIds": []
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "mesh",
      "name": "Medical Subject Headings: Peptides",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine",
      "url": "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010455",
      "role": "Controlled vocabulary and entry-term context"
    },
    {
      "id": "pubmed",
      "name": "About PubMed",
      "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information",
      "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/",
      "role": "Primary-literature discovery and record provenance"
    },
    {
      "id": "clinicaltrials",
      "name": "ClinicalTrials.gov Glossary Terms",
      "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine",
      "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary",
      "role": "Trial-registry field and status definitions"
    },
    {
      "id": "consort",
      "name": "CONSORT 2025 Statement",
      "publisher": "CONSORT Group",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11995449/",
      "role": "Randomized-trial reporting framework"
    },
    {
      "id": "prisma",
      "name": "PRISMA 2020 Statement",
      "publisher": "PRISMA Group",
      "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71",
      "role": "Systematic-review and meta-analysis reporting framework"
    },
    {
      "id": "asa",
      "name": "ASA Statement on P-Values",
      "publisher": "American Statistical Association",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108",
      "role": "Statistical-significance interpretation boundary"
    },
    {
      "id": "nist",
      "name": "NIST Technical Note 1297",
      "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology",
      "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/nist-technical-note-1297",
      "role": "Measurement-uncertainty guidance"
    },
    {
      "id": "bipm",
      "name": "The International System of Units",
      "publisher": "International Bureau of Weights and Measures",
      "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure",
      "role": "SI definitions and unit conventions"
    },
    {
      "id": "fda",
      "name": "Drug Approvals and Databases",
      "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration",
      "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases",
      "role": "Product-specific regulatory records and approval sources"
    },
    {
      "id": "equator",
      "name": "EQUATOR Reporting Guidelines Library",
      "publisher": "EQUATOR Network",
      "url": "https://www.equator-network.org/?post_type=eq_guidelines",
      "role": "Study-design reporting-guideline discovery"
    }
  ]
}