{ "dataset": { "id": "peptideschool-public-research-source-inventory", "version": "1.0.0", "canonicalPage": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research-article-source-inventory", "license": { "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "publisher": "PeptideSchool", "author": "PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "language": "en-US", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "citation": "PeptideSchool Editorial Desk. PeptideSchool Public Research Article Source Inventory, version 1.0.0. https://www.peptideschool.org/research-article-source-inventory" }, "scope": { "purpose": "Provide an inspectable public map from every PeptideSchool research article to its visible source trail and editorial family.", "included": "Canonical public article identity, title, family, publication and review dates, institutional author, source titles, publishers, URLs, source domains, and related-article count.", "excluded": "Search keywords, rankings, impressions, clicks, conversions, internal performance data, user data, Premium content, protocols, dosage recommendations, and medical advice.", "interpretation": "A source count documents transparency; it is not an automatic study-quality score, evidence grade, regulatory determination, or personal recommendation." }, "summary": { "articleCount": 100, "familyCounts": { "peptide": 15, "topic": 18, "comparison": 7, "method": 38, "math": 6, "glossary": 16 }, "sourceReferenceCount": 257, "uniqueSourceUrlCount": 125, "uniqueSourceDomainCount": 30, "uniquePublisherCount": 53 }, "records": [ { "id": "peptide-literature-search", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/peptide-literature-search", "title": "A reproducible method for searching peptide literature", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "meshb.nlm.nih.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "PubMed User Guide", "publisher": "National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/" }, { "title": "Peptides: MeSH", "publisher": "National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010455" }, { "title": "ClinicalTrials.gov Glossary Terms", "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "how-to-check-a-pubmed-citation", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/how-to-check-a-pubmed-citation", "title": "How to verify a PubMed citation before using it", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "crossref.org", "medlineplus.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "PubMed User Guide", "publisher": "National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/" }, { "title": "REST API", "publisher": "Crossref", "url": "https://www.crossref.org/documentation/retrieve-metadata/rest-api/" }, { "title": "Evaluating Health Information", "publisher": "MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/evaluatinghealthinformation.html" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "how-to-read-clinicaltrials-gov", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/how-to-read-clinicaltrials-gov", "title": "How to read ClinicalTrials.gov without overclaiming", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" }, { "title": "Learn About Studies", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/learn-about-studies" }, { "title": "About Studies With Results Information", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/results-information" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-claim-checklist", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/peptide-claim-checklist", "title": "A claim-checking checklist for peptide research", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov", "medlineplus.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Drug Development Process", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process" }, { "title": "Evaluating Health Information", "publisher": "MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/evaluatinghealthinformation.html" }, { "title": "ClinicalTrials.gov Glossary Terms", "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "incretin-agonists", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/incretin-agonists", "title": "Incretin agonists: a map of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon research", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 4, "sourceDomains": [ "nejm.org", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183" }, { "title": "Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038" }, { "title": "Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972" }, { "title": "Efficacy and safety of mazdutide in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity", "publisher": "Nature Communications", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719339/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "mitochondrial-derived-peptides", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/mitochondrial-derived-peptides", "title": "Mitochondrial-derived peptides and mitochondria-targeted peptide research", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "cell.com", "fda.gov", "nature.com" ], "sources": [ { "title": "The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance", "publisher": "Cell Metabolism", "url": "https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(15)00061-3" }, { "title": "A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate elamipretide in Barth syndrome", "publisher": "Genetics in Medicine", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41436-020-01006-8" }, { "title": "FDA Grants Accelerated Approval for First Treatment for Barth Syndrome", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-first-treatment-barth-syndrome" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "growth-hormone-secretagogues", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/growth-hormone-secretagogues", "title": "Growth hormone secretagogues: classes, signals, and evidence limits", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults", "publisher": "The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/" }, { "title": "Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue", "publisher": "European Journal of Endocrinology", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/" }, { "title": "Normal Physiology of Growth Hormone in Adults", "publisher": "Endotext, National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279056/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "copper-binding-peptides", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/copper-binding-peptides", "title": "Copper-binding peptides: GHK-Cu, AHK-Cu, and the evidence map", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "meshb.nlm.nih.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data", "publisher": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/" }, { "title": "The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro", "publisher": "Archives of Pharmacal Research", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17703734/" }, { "title": "Peptides: MeSH", "publisher": "National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010455" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "retatrutide", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/retatrutide", "title": "Retatrutide: triple-agonist design, phase 2 evidence, and open questions", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov", "nejm.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity: A Phase 2 Trial", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972" }, { "title": "A Study of Retatrutide (LY3437943) in Participants Who Have Obesity or Overweight", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05882045" }, { "title": "Drug Development Process", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "tirzepatide", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/tirzepatide", "title": "Tirzepatide: dual-agonist biology, trial evidence, and interpretation", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov", "nejm.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038" }, { "title": "FDA Approves New Medication for Chronic Weight Management", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management" }, { "title": "Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) in Participants With Obesity or Overweight", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04184622" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "semaglutide", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/semaglutide", "title": "Semaglutide: GLP-1 receptor biology, STEP evidence, and limits", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "accessdata.fda.gov", "clinicaltrials.gov", "nejm.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183" }, { "title": "WEGOVY (semaglutide) Prescribing Information", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2026/215256s029lbl.pdf" }, { "title": "Research Study Investigating How Well Semaglutide Works in People Suffering From Overweight or Obesity", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03548935" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "mazdutide", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/mazdutide", "title": "Mazdutide: GLP-1/glucagon dual agonism and the clinical evidence", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Efficacy and safety of mazdutide in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity", "publisher": "Nature Communications", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719339/" }, { "title": "Safety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity", "publisher": "EClinicalMedicine", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9561728/" }, { "title": "ClinicalTrials.gov Glossary Terms", "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "mots-c", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/mots-c", "title": "MOTS-c: mitochondrial encoding, metabolic research, and evidence limits", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance", "publisher": "Cell Metabolism", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4350682/" }, { "title": "The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c is a regulator of plasma metabolites and enhances insulin sensitivity", "publisher": "Physiological Reports", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6640593/" }, { "title": "Drug Development Process", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "ss-31", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/ss-31", "title": "SS-31 (elamipretide): mitochondrial targeting, trials, and narrow regulatory context", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov", "nature.com" ], "sources": [ { "title": "A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate elamipretide in Barth syndrome", "publisher": "Genetics in Medicine", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41436-020-01006-8" }, { "title": "FDA Grants Accelerated Approval for First Treatment for Barth Syndrome", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-first-treatment-barth-syndrome" }, { "title": "ClinicalTrials.gov Glossary Terms", "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "ghk-cu", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/ghk-cu", "title": "GHK-Cu: copper-binding biology, experimental evidence, and claim limits", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "medlineplus.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data", "publisher": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/" }, { "title": "The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro", "publisher": "Archives of Pharmacal Research", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17703734/" }, { "title": "Evaluating Health Information", "publisher": "MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/evaluatinghealthinformation.html" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "bpc-157", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/bpc-157", "title": "BPC-157: what preclinical research suggests and human evidence cannot yet show", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "BPC 157 and standard angiogenic growth factors: gastrointestinal tract healing, lessons from tendon, ligament, muscle and bone healing", "publisher": "Current Pharmaceutical Design", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30915550/" }, { "title": "Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide: Literature and Patent Review", "publisher": "Pharmaceuticals", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11859134/" }, { "title": "Drug Development Process", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "tirzepatide-vs-retatrutide-vs-mazdutide", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/compare/tirzepatide-vs-retatrutide-vs-mazdutide", "title": "Tirzepatide vs retatrutide vs mazdutide: receptors, trials, and comparison limits", "family": "comparison", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "nejm.org", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038" }, { "title": "Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity: A Phase 2 Trial", "publisher": "The New England Journal of Medicine", "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972" }, { "title": "Efficacy and safety of mazdutide in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity", "publisher": "Nature Communications", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10719339/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "peptide-vs-protein", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/peptide-vs-protein", "title": "Peptide vs protein: what the terms mean and where the boundary blurs", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "meshb.nlm.nih.gov", "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Peptides: MeSH", "publisher": "National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010455" }, { "title": "The Chemical Components of a Cell", "publisher": "Molecular Biology of the Cell, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26883/" }, { "title": "Biochemistry, Peptide", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562260/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-aliases-and-nomenclature", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/peptide-aliases-and-nomenclature", "title": "Peptide aliases and nomenclature: how to verify that two names mean the same molecule", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 4, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "meshb.nlm.nih.gov", "pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Peptides: MeSH", "publisher": "National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010455" }, { "title": "PubChem Identifier Exchange Service", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/idexchange/idexchange.cgi" }, { "title": "Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults", "publisher": "The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/" }, { "title": "ClinicalTrials.gov Glossary Terms", "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "ss-31-vs-mots-c", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/compare/ss-31-vs-mots-c", "title": "SS-31 vs MOTS-c: origin, mechanism, evidence, and development status", "family": "comparison", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 4, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nature.com", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance", "publisher": "Cell Metabolism", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4350682/" }, { "title": "A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate elamipretide in Barth syndrome", "publisher": "Genetics in Medicine", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41436-020-01006-8" }, { "title": "FDA Grants Accelerated Approval for First Treatment for Barth Syndrome", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-grants-accelerated-approval-first-treatment-barth-syndrome" }, { "title": "The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c is a regulator of plasma metabolites and enhances insulin sensitivity", "publisher": "Physiological Reports", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6640593/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 4 }, { "id": "si-units-and-metric-prefixes-in-research", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/si-units-and-metric-prefixes-in-research", "title": "How SI Units and Metric Prefixes Work in Research", "family": "math", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: SI Units and Prefixes", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-4-two-classes-si-units-and-si-prefixes" }, { "title": "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/publications/guide-use-international-system-units-si" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "dilution-factor-and-serial-dilution-math", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/dilution-factor-and-serial-dilution-math", "title": "Dilution Factors and Serial Dilutions: The Underlying Math", "family": "math", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "bipm.org", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SI Brochure: Quantity Equations and Units", "publisher": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures", "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure" }, { "title": "NIST TN 1297: Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing Measurement Uncertainty", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/nist-technical-note-1297" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "solvent-addition-and-final-concentration", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/solvent-addition-and-final-concentration", "title": "How Solvent Addition Changes Final Concentration", "family": "math", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Strength Conversion in Drug Listing", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/electronic-drug-registration-and-listing-system-edrls/strength-conversion-drug-listing" }, { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Check List for Reviewing Manuscripts", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-check-list-reviewing-manuscripts" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "percent-solutions-ratio-strength-and-ppm", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/percent-solutions-ratio-strength-and-ppm", "title": "Percent Solutions, Ratio Strength, and ppm Are Not Interchangeable", "family": "comparison", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Strength Conversion in Drug Listing", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/electronic-drug-registration-and-listing-system-edrls/strength-conversion-drug-listing" }, { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Check List for Reviewing Manuscripts", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-check-list-reviewing-manuscripts" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "measurement-uncertainty-and-significant-figures", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/measurement-uncertainty-and-significant-figures", "title": "Measurement Uncertainty, Precision, and Significant Figures", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NIST Technical Note 1297", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/nist-technical-note-1297" }, { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 7", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-7-rules-and-style-conventions-expressing-values" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "p-values-and-statistical-significance", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/p-values-and-statistical-significance", "title": "P-Values and Statistical Significance: What They Do Not Prove", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "doi.org", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose", "publisher": "American Statistical Association", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108" }, { "title": "P-value and Effect-size in Clinical and Experimental Studies", "publisher": "Jornal Vascular Brasileiro via PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8256876/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "relative-risk-absolute-risk-and-odds-ratios", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/relative-risk-absolute-risk-and-odds-ratios", "title": "Relative Risk, Absolute Risk, and Odds Ratios Are Different Measures", "family": "comparison", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "equator-network.org", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CONSORT 2025 Statement: Updated Guideline for Reporting Randomised Trials", "publisher": "The BMJ and CONSORT Group", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11995449/" }, { "title": "STROBE Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies", "publisher": "EQUATOR Network and STROBE Initiative", "url": "https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/strobe/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "preclinical-vs-clinical-evidence", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/preclinical-vs-clinical-evidence", "title": "Preclinical vs Clinical Evidence: What Each Can Support", "family": "comparison", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "arriveguidelines.org", "clinicaltrials.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0", "publisher": "NC3Rs and ARRIVE Guidelines", "url": "https://arriveguidelines.org/arrive-guidelines" }, { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" }, { "title": "CONSORT 2025 Statement", "publisher": "The BMJ and CONSORT Group", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11995449/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "how-to-read-randomized-controlled-trials", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/how-to-read-randomized-controlled-trials", "title": "How to Read a Randomized Controlled Trial Step by Step", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CONSORT 2025 Statement: Updated Guideline for Reporting Randomised Trials", "publisher": "The BMJ and CONSORT Group", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11995449/" }, { "title": "How to Read a Study Record", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/how-to-read-study-record" }, { "title": "How to Read Study Results", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/how-to-read-study-results" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "how-to-read-systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/how-to-read-systematic-reviews-and-meta-analyses", "title": "How to Read a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "bmj.com", "equator-network.org", "training.cochrane.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews", "publisher": "The BMJ and PRISMA Group", "url": "https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n71" }, { "title": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "publisher": "Cochrane", "url": "https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current" }, { "title": "Reporting Guidelines for Main Study Types", "publisher": "EQUATOR Network", "url": "https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/consort/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "reading-syringe-graduations-in-research", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/reading-syringe-graduations-in-research", "title": "How to Read Syringe Graduations in a Non-Clinical Research Context", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Dosage Delivery Devices for Orally Ingested OTC Liquid Drug Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Dosage-Delivery-Devices-for-Orally-Ingested-OTC-Liquid-Drug-Products.pdf" }, { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Check List for Reviewing Manuscripts", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-check-list-reviewing-manuscripts" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "concentration-dose-and-volume-glossary", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/concentration-dose-and-volume-glossary", "title": "Concentration, Dose, Amount, and Volume: A Research Glossary", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "bipm.org", "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SI Brochure: The International System of Units", "publisher": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures", "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure" }, { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" }, { "title": "Strength Conversion in Drug Listing", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/electronic-drug-registration-and-listing-system-edrls/strength-conversion-drug-listing" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "reading-data-tables-and-logarithmic-axes", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/reading-data-tables-and-logarithmic-axes", "title": "Reading Research Tables, Error Bars, and Logarithmic Axes", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "itl.nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "How to Read Study Results", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/how-to-read-study-results" }, { "title": "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "mean-median-standard-deviation-study-results", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/mean-median-standard-deviation-study-results", "title": "Mean, Median, and Standard Deviation: Reading Study Results", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "itl.nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook: Measures of Location and Scale", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda35.htm" }, { "title": "How to Read Study Results", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/how-to-read-study-results" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "confidence-intervals-and-effect-sizes", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/confidence-intervals-and-effect-sizes", "title": "How to Read Confidence Intervals and Effect Sizes", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CONSORT 2025 Statement: Updated Guideline for Reporting Randomised Trials", "publisher": "The BMJ and CONSORT Group", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11995449/" }, { "title": "P-value and Effect-size in Clinical and Experimental Studies", "publisher": "Jornal Vascular Brasileiro via PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8256876/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "reading-research-vial-labels", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/reading-research-vial-labels", "title": "Reading Research Vial Labels: Identity, Strength, and Units", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Strength Conversion in Drug Listing", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/electronic-drug-registration-and-listing-system-edrls/strength-conversion-drug-listing" }, { "title": "Safety Considerations for Container Labels and Carton Labeling Design", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/158522/download" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "dimensional-analysis-for-research-calculations", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/dimensional-analysis-for-research-calculations", "title": "Dimensional Analysis: A Safer Way to Check Research Math", "family": "math", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "bipm.org", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 7: Expressing Values of Quantities", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-7-rules-and-style-conventions-expressing-values" }, { "title": "SI Brochure: The International System of Units", "publisher": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures", "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "scientific-notation-for-small-research-quantities", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/scientific-notation-for-small-research-quantities", "title": "Scientific Notation for Reading Small Research Quantities", "family": "math", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 7: Expressing Values of Quantities", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-7-rules-and-style-conventions-expressing-values" }, { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 4: SI Prefixes", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-4-two-classes-si-units-and-si-prefixes" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "mass-concentration-and-volume-explained", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/mass-concentration-and-volume-explained", "title": "Mass, Concentration, and Volume Are Different Quantities", "family": "math", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "bipm.org", "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Strength Conversion in Drug Listing", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/electronic-drug-registration-and-listing-system-edrls/strength-conversion-drug-listing" }, { "title": "SI Brochure: The International System of Units", "publisher": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures", "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "molarity-vs-mass-concentration", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/molarity-vs-mass-concentration", "title": "Molarity vs Mass Concentration: What Each One Measures", "family": "comparison", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "bipm.org", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SI Brochure: Amount of Substance and the Mole", "publisher": "Bureau International des Poids et Mesures", "url": "https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure" }, { "title": "NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 8: Comments on Some Quantities and Units", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-chapter-8" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "clinical-trial-endpoints-explained", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/clinical-trial-endpoints-explained", "title": "Clinical trial endpoints: what a study measures and why it matters", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" }, { "title": "Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/multiple-endpoints-clinical-trials" }, { "title": "E9(R1) Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e9r1-statistical-principles-clinical-trials-addendum-estimands-and-sensitivity-analysis-clinical" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "primary-secondary-and-exploratory-endpoints", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/primary-secondary-and-exploratory-endpoints", "title": "Primary, secondary, and exploratory endpoints: why hierarchy matters", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/multiple-endpoints-clinical-trials" }, { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" }, { "title": "IND Applications for Clinical Investigations: Clinical Protocols", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/investigational-new-drug-ind-application/ind-applications-clinical-investigations-clinical-protocols" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "randomization-in-clinical-trials", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/randomization-in-clinical-trials", "title": "Randomization in clinical trials: sequence, balance, and valid comparison", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "training.cochrane.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2844940/" }, { "title": "Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial", "publisher": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "url": "https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-08" }, { "title": "E6(R3) Good Clinical Practice Guidance for Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169090/download" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "blinding-and-masking-in-research", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/blinding-and-masking-in-research", "title": "Blinding and masking in research: who knows what, and when", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "training.cochrane.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2844940/" }, { "title": "Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial", "publisher": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "url": "https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-08" }, { "title": "E6(R3) Good Clinical Practice Guidance for Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169090/download" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "allocation-concealment-vs-blinding", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/allocation-concealment-vs-blinding", "title": "Allocation concealment vs blinding: two protections at different times", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "training.cochrane.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial", "publisher": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "url": "https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-08" }, { "title": "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2844940/" }, { "title": "E6(R3) Good Clinical Practice Guidance for Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169090/download" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "intention-to-treat-vs-per-protocol", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/intention-to-treat-vs-per-protocol", "title": "Intention-to-treat vs per-protocol: two different trial questions", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "training.cochrane.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "E9(R1) Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e9r1-statistical-principles-clinical-trials-addendum-estimands-and-sensitivity-analysis-clinical" }, { "title": "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2844940/" }, { "title": "Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial", "publisher": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "url": "https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-08" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "statistical-power-and-sample-size", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/statistical-power-and-sample-size", "title": "Statistical power and sample size: what a study was designed to detect", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/multiple-endpoints-clinical-trials" }, { "title": "E9(R1) Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e9r1-statistical-principles-clinical-trials-addendum-estimands-and-sensitivity-analysis-clinical" }, { "title": "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2844940/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "multiple-comparisons-and-false-positives", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/multiple-comparisons-and-false-positives", "title": "Multiple comparisons: why more tests create more chances for false positives", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "grants.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/multiple-endpoints-clinical-trials" }, { "title": "E9(R1) Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e9r1-statistical-principles-clinical-trials-addendum-estimands-and-sensitivity-analysis-clinical" }, { "title": "Clinical Trial Reporting Requirements", "publisher": "National Institutes of Health", "url": "https://grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/clinical-trials/reporting" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "preregistration-protocols-and-analysis-plans", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/preregistration-protocols-and-analysis-plans", "title": "Preregistration, protocols, and analysis plans: separating prediction from discovery", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "grants.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Clinical Trial Reporting Requirements", "publisher": "National Institutes of Health", "url": "https://grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/clinical-trials/reporting" }, { "title": "IND Applications for Clinical Investigations: Clinical Protocols", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/investigational-new-drug-ind-application/ind-applications-clinical-investigations-clinical-protocols" }, { "title": "E6(R3) Good Clinical Practice Guidance for Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169090/download" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "clinical-trial-phases-explained", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/clinical-trial-phases-explained", "title": "Clinical trial phases explained: development questions, not quality grades", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" }, { "title": "Step 3: Clinical Research", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/patients/drug-development-process/step-3-clinical-research" }, { "title": "E6(R3) Good Clinical Practice Guidance for Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169090/download" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "eligibility-criteria-and-external-validity", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/eligibility-criteria-and-external-validity", "title": "Eligibility criteria and external validity: who a trial can inform", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" }, { "title": "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2844940/" }, { "title": "E6(R3) Good Clinical Practice Guidance for Industry", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/169090/download" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "adverse-events-serious-events-and-safety-signals", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/adverse-events-serious-events-and-safety-signals", "title": "Adverse events, serious adverse events, and safety signals: terms that are not interchangeable", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "E2A Clinical Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e2a-clinical-safety-data-management-definitions-and-standards-expedited-reporting" }, { "title": "IND Application Reporting: IND Safety Reports", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/investigational-new-drug-ind-application/ind-application-reporting-ind-safety-reports" }, { "title": "Glossary Terms", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/glossary" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "pharmacokinetics-basics-adme", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/pharmacokinetics-basics-adme", "title": "Pharmacokinetics basics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Pharmacokinetics", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557744/" }, { "title": "Bioavailability Studies Submitted in NDAs or INDs: General Considerations", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/files/guidance%20documents/published/BA-guidance.pdf" }, { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "biological-half-life-and-steady-state", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/biological-half-life-and-steady-state", "title": "Biological half-life and steady state: what concentration-time summaries assume", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Elimination Half-Life of Drugs", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554498/" }, { "title": "Steady State Concentration", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553132/" }, { "title": "Pharmacokinetics", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557744/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "bioavailability-and-route-comparisons", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/bioavailability-and-route-comparisons", "title": "Bioavailability and route comparisons: rate, extent, and formulation context", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Bioavailability Studies Submitted in NDAs or INDs: General Considerations", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/files/guidance%20documents/published/BA-guidance.pdf" }, { "title": "Pharmacokinetics", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557744/" }, { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "receptor-agonists-antagonists-and-partial-agonists", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/receptor-agonists-antagonists-and-partial-agonists", "title": "Receptor agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists: a functional glossary", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Pharmacodynamics", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507791/" }, { "title": "Glossary of Quantitative Biology Terms", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92002/" }, { "title": "Assay Operations for SAR Support", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK91994/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "selectivity-vs-specificity-in-pharmacology", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/selectivity-vs-specificity-in-pharmacology", "title": "Selectivity vs specificity: relative preference, assay discrimination, and context", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary of Quantitative Biology Terms", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92002/" }, { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" }, { "title": "Pharmacodynamics", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507791/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "potency-vs-efficacy", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/potency-vs-efficacy", "title": "Potency vs efficacy: position and maximum on a concentration-response curve", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Pharmacodynamics", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507791/" }, { "title": "Assay Operations for SAR Support", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK91994/" }, { "title": "Glossary of Quantitative Biology Terms", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92002/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "affinity-kd-ic50-and-ec50", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/affinity-kd-ic50-and-ec50", "title": "Affinity, Kd, IC50, and EC50: binding constants and operational assay values", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Glossary of Quantitative Biology Terms", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92002/" }, { "title": "Assay Operations for SAR Support", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK91994/" }, { "title": "Pharmacodynamics", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507791/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "in-vitro-in-vivo-and-ex-vivo-explained", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/in-vitro-in-vivo-and-ex-vivo-explained", "title": "In vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo: three model contexts with different limits", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "cancer.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Definition of In Vitro", "publisher": "National Cancer Institute", "url": "https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/in-vitro" }, { "title": "Definition of In Vivo", "publisher": "National Cancer Institute", "url": "https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/in-vivo" }, { "title": "Definition of Ex Vivo", "publisher": "National Cancer Institute", "url": "https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/ex-vivo" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "translational-research-and-human-evidence-limits", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/translational-research-and-human-evidence-limits", "title": "Translational research: how findings move between models and human questions", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "cancer.gov", "grants.nih.gov", "ncats.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Translational Science Spectrum", "publisher": "National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences", "url": "https://ncats.nih.gov/about/about-translational-science/spectrum" }, { "title": "Enhancing Reproducibility through Rigor and Transparency", "publisher": "National Institutes of Health", "url": "https://www.grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/reproducibility" }, { "title": "Definition of In Vivo", "publisher": "National Cancer Institute", "url": "https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/in-vivo" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "assay-validation-sensitivity-specificity-and-range", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/assay-validation-sensitivity-specificity-and-range", "title": "Assay validation: proving a method is fit for its intended purpose", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" }, { "title": "Glossary of Quantitative Biology Terms", "publisher": "Assay Guidance Manual, NCBI Bookshelf", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92002/" }, { "title": "Reference Materials", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/reference-materials" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "batch-to-batch-variability-in-research-materials", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/batch-to-batch-variability-in-research-materials", "title": "Batch-to-batch variability: when the named material is not the same experiment", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "grants.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Q6A Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6a-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-new-drug-substances-and-new-drug-products" }, { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" }, { "title": "Enhancing Reproducibility through Rigor and Transparency", "publisher": "National Institutes of Health", "url": "https://www.grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/reproducibility" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "reference-standards-and-calibration", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/reference-standards-and-calibration", "title": "Reference standards and calibration: connecting an instrument response to a known value", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Reference Materials", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/reference-materials" }, { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" }, { "title": "Q6A Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6a-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-new-drug-substances-and-new-drug-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "purity-identity-and-contamination", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/purity-identity-and-contamination", "title": "Purity, identity, and contamination: three separate analytical questions", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Q6A Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6a-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-new-drug-substances-and-new-drug-products" }, { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" }, { "title": "Organic Chemical Metrology Group", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/mml/csd/organic-chemical-metrology-group" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "chromatography-basics-hplc", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/chromatography-basics-hplc", "title": "Chromatography and HPLC basics: separation, retention, detection, and limits", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Organic Chemical Metrology Group", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/mml/csd/organic-chemical-metrology-group" }, { "title": "Q6A Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6a-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-new-drug-substances-and-new-drug-products" }, { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "mass-spectrometry-basics", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/mass-spectrometry-basics", "title": "Mass spectrometry basics: ions, mass-to-charge, fragmentation, and identification", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nist.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "NIST Standard Reference Database 1A: Mass Spectral Libraries", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/srd/nist-standard-reference-database-1a" }, { "title": "Organic Chemical Metrology Group", "publisher": "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "url": "https://www.nist.gov/mml/csd/organic-chemical-metrology-group" }, { "title": "Q6A Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6a-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-new-drug-substances-and-new-drug-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "replication-vs-reproducibility", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/replication-vs-reproducibility", "title": "Replication vs reproducibility: new evidence and repeatable analysis", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "grants.nih.gov", "nap.nationalacademies.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Reproducibility and Replicability in Science", "publisher": "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", "url": "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science" }, { "title": "Enhancing Reproducibility through Rigor and Transparency", "publisher": "National Institutes of Health", "url": "https://www.grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/reproducibility" }, { "title": "Clinical Trial Reporting Requirements", "publisher": "National Institutes of Health", "url": "https://grants.nih.gov/policy-and-compliance/policy-topics/clinical-trials/reporting" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "bias-confounding-and-effect-modification", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/bias-confounding-and-effect-modification", "title": "Bias, confounding, and effect modification: three different explanations for a result", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "cdc.gov", "fda.gov", "training.cochrane.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Analyzing and Interpreting Data", "publisher": "CDC Field Epidemiology Manual", "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/field-epi-manual/php/chapters/analyze-interpret-data.html" }, { "title": "Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial", "publisher": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "url": "https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-08" }, { "title": "E9(R1) Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e9r1-statistical-principles-clinical-trials-addendum-estimands-and-sensitivity-analysis-clinical" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "missing-data-attrition-and-censoring", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/missing-data-attrition-and-censoring", "title": "Missing data, attrition, and censoring: assumptions behind incomplete outcomes", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 3, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "nap.nationalacademies.org", "training.cochrane.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials", "publisher": "National Academies Press", "url": "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12955/the-prevention-and-treatment-of-missing-data-in-clinical-trials" }, { "title": "E9(R1) Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials: Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/e9r1-statistical-principles-clinical-trials-addendum-estimands-and-sensitivity-analysis-clinical" }, { "title": "Assessing Risk of Bias in a Randomized Trial", "publisher": "Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions", "url": "https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/current/chapter-08" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-hormones", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-hormones", "title": "How Peptide Hormones Are Made, Released, and Detected", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "guidetopharmacology.org", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY", "publisher": "International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and British Pharmacological Society", "url": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/" }, { "title": "Sequence Annotation: Molecule Processing", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_annotation" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "neuropeptides", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/neuropeptides", "title": "Neuropeptides as Slow, Context-Dependent Neural Signals", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "guidetopharmacology.org", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY: GPCR Families", "publisher": "IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY", "url": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ReceptorFamiliesForward?type=GPCR" }, { "title": "UniProt Keyword: Neuropeptide", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/keywords/KW-0527" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "antimicrobial-peptides", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/antimicrobial-peptides", "title": "Antimicrobial Peptides Are More Than Membrane-Disrupting Molecules", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "APD3: The Antimicrobial Peptide Database as a Tool for Research and Education", "publisher": "Nucleic Acids Research", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4702905/" }, { "title": "DRAMP 4.0: An Open-Access Data Repository Dedicated to the Clinical Translation of Antimicrobial Peptides", "publisher": "Nucleic Acids Research", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11701585/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "cyclic-peptides", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/cyclic-peptides", "title": "How Cyclization Changes Peptide Structure and Function", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "rcsb.org", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "RCSB Protein Data Bank", "publisher": "RCSB PDB", "url": "https://www.rcsb.org/" }, { "title": "UniProt Sequence Annotation", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/help/sequence_annotation" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-therapeutics-development", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-therapeutics-development", "title": "The Evidence Chain Behind Peptide Therapeutic Development", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "clinicaltrials.gov", "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "FDA Publishes Revised Draft Product-Specific Guidances for Certain Generic Peptide Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-alerts-and-statements/fda-publishes-revised-draft-product-specific-guidances-certain-generic-peptide-products" }, { "title": "Clinical Research Versus Medical Treatment", "publisher": "ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Library of Medicine", "url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study-basics/clinical-research-versus-medical-treatment" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-stability-and-degradation", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/peptide-stability-and-degradation", "title": "How Peptides Degrade and How Stability Is Studied", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "hhs.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Q1A(R2) Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration and ICH", "url": "https://www.hhs.gov/guidance/sites/default/files/hhs-guidance-documents/FDA/Q1A%28R2%29-Stability-Testing-of-New-Drug-Substances-and-Products.pdf" }, { "title": "Q6B Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Biotechnological/Biological Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6b-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-biotechnologicalbiological-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-delivery-constraints", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-delivery-constraints", "title": "Why Peptide Delivery Is a Multibarrier Research Problem", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Molecular Engineering Approaches to Half-Life Extension of Therapeutic Biomolecules", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13106320/" }, { "title": "Q6B Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Biotechnological/Biological Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6b-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-biotechnologicalbiological-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-half-life-extension-strategies", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-half-life-extension-strategies", "title": "How Peptide Half-Life Extension Strategies Change a Molecule", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Chemical Strategies for Half-Life Extension of Biopharmaceuticals", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6047018/" }, { "title": "Molecular Engineering Approaches to Half-Life Extension of Therapeutic Biomolecules", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13106320/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-lipidation", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-lipidation", "title": "How Lipidation Changes Peptide Distribution and Persistence", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Chemical Strategies for Half-Life Extension of Biopharmaceuticals", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6047018/" }, { "title": "Potent Derivatives of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 with Pharmacokinetic Properties Suitable for Once Daily Administration", "publisher": "Journal of Medicinal Chemistry via PubMed", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10669573/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-pegylation", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-pegylation", "title": "PEGylated Peptides Require More Than a Molecular-Weight Label", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Alteration of Immunological Properties of Bovine Serum Albumin by Covalent Attachment of Polyethylene Glycol", "publisher": "Journal of Biological Chemistry via PubMed", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32117/" }, { "title": "Immunogenicity Testing of Therapeutic Protein Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/immunogenicity-testing-therapeutic-protein-products-developing-and-validating-assays-anti-drug" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-fusion-proteins", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-fusion-proteins", "title": "How Fusion Partners Change Peptide Products", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Molecular Engineering Approaches to Half-Life Extension of Therapeutic Biomolecules", "publisher": "PubMed Central", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13106320/" }, { "title": "Q6B Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Biotechnological/Biological Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration and ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6b-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-biotechnologicalbiological-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-receptor-signaling", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-receptor-signaling", "title": "Peptide Binding Is Only the First Step in Receptor Signaling", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "guidetopharmacology.org", "rcsb.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "GPCR Families", "publisher": "IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY", "url": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ReceptorFamiliesForward?type=GPCR" }, { "title": "RCSB Protein Data Bank", "publisher": "RCSB PDB", "url": "https://www.rcsb.org/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "receptor-desensitization-and-internalization", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/receptor-desensitization-and-internalization", "title": "Why Receptor Signaling Changes During Continued Stimulation", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "guidetopharmacology.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases", "publisher": "IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY", "url": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=283" }, { "title": "GPCR Families", "publisher": "IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY", "url": "https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ReceptorFamiliesForward?type=GPCR" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-immunogenicity", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptide-immunogenicity", "title": "How Peptide Immunogenicity Risk Is Assessed", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Immunogenicity Testing of Therapeutic Protein Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/immunogenicity-testing-therapeutic-protein-products-developing-and-validating-assays-anti-drug" }, { "title": "In Vitro Immunogenicity Assays for Evaluating Generic Peptide Drug Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/science-research/fda-science-forum/in-vitro-immunogenicity-assays-evaluating-generic-peptide-drug-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "solid-phase-peptide-synthesis", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/solid-phase-peptide-synthesis", "title": "How Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Builds a Sequence", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "nature.com", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Concept and Early Development of Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis", "publisher": "Methods in Enzymology via PubMed", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9353714/" }, { "title": "Automated Peptide Synthesis", "publisher": "Nature", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/207522a0" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "recombinant-peptide-production", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/recombinant-peptide-production", "title": "How Recombinant Systems Produce Peptides and Precursors", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Non-clinical Immunogenicity Assessment of Generic Peptide Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/non-clinical-immunogenicity-assessment-generic-peptide-products-development-validation-and-sampling" }, { "title": "Q6B Specifications for Biotechnological/Biological Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration and ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6b-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-biotechnologicalbiological-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-purification-chromatography", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/peptide-purification-chromatography", "title": "How Chromatography Separates Peptides and Related Impurities", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Analytical Procedures and Methods Validation for Drugs and Biologics", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/analytical-procedures-and-methods-validation-drugs-and-biologics" }, { "title": "Q6B Specifications for Biotechnological/Biological Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration and ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6b-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-biotechnologicalbiological-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "analytical-characterization-of-peptides", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/analytical-characterization-of-peptides", "title": "No Single Test Fully Characterizes a Peptide", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Q2(R2) Validation of Analytical Procedures", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures" }, { "title": "Q6B Specifications for Biotechnological/Biological Products", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration and ICH", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/q6b-specifications-test-procedures-and-acceptance-criteria-biotechnologicalbiological-products" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "mass-spectrometry-for-peptide-identity", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/mass-spectrometry-for-peptide-identity", "title": "What Mass Spectrometry Can and Cannot Prove About a Peptide", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "fda.gov", "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Sameness Evaluations in an ANDA: Active Ingredients", "publisher": "U.S. Food and Drug Administration", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/media/163018/download" }, { "title": "ProForma 2.0: Unifying the Encoding of Proteoforms and Peptidoforms", "publisher": "HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34202229/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-sequence-databases", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/methods/peptide-sequence-databases", "title": "How to Use Peptide Sequence Databases Without Losing Context", "family": "method", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Peptide Search", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/help/peptide_search" }, { "title": "NCBI Protein", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptide-naming-and-sequence-identity", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/glossary/peptide-naming-and-sequence-identity", "title": "A Peptide Name Is Not a Complete Molecular Identity", "family": "glossary", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "Sequences", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/help/sequences" }, { "title": "ProForma 2.0: Unifying the Encoding of Proteoforms and Peptidoforms", "publisher": "HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34202229/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "peptidomimetics", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/topics/peptidomimetics", "title": "How Peptidomimetics Reproduce Selected Peptide Features", "family": "topic", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "rcsb.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "RCSB Protein Data Bank", "publisher": "RCSB PDB", "url": "https://www.rcsb.org/" }, { "title": "PubChem", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "endogenous-glp-1", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/endogenous-glp-1", "title": "Endogenous GLP-1 Is a Processed Product of Proglucagon", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "GCG - Pro-glucagon - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01275/" }, { "title": "GCG glucagon Gene", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2641" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "endogenous-gip", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/endogenous-gip", "title": "Endogenous GIP as a Nutrient-Responsive Peptide Hormone", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "GIP Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Gene", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2695" }, { "title": "GIP - Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P09681/entry" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "glucagon-biology", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/glucagon-biology", "title": "Glucagon Is One Product of a Multi-Peptide Precursor", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "GCG - Pro-glucagon - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01275/" }, { "title": "GCG Glucagon Gene", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2641" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "insulin-biosynthesis-and-signaling", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/insulin-biosynthesis-and-signaling", "title": "From Preproinsulin to Two-Chain Insulin", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "INS - Insulin - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P01308/entry" }, { "title": "INS Insulin Gene", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3630" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "c-peptide-biology-and-measurement", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/c-peptide-biology-and-measurement", "title": "C-Peptide Connects the Insulin Chains Before Processing", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "INS - Insulin - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P01308/entry" }, { "title": "INS Insulin Gene", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/3630" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "oxytocin-vs-vasopressin", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/compare/oxytocin-vs-vasopressin", "title": "Oxytocin and Vasopressin Are Related but Distinct Peptide Systems", "family": "comparison", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "OXT - Oxytocin-neurophysin 1 Proprotein - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P01178/entry" }, { "title": "AVP - Vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P01185/entry" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "somatostatin-biology", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/somatostatin-biology", "title": "Somatostatin-14 and Somatostatin-28 Share a Precursor", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "SST - Somatostatin - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P61278/entry" }, { "title": "SST Somatostatin Gene", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/6750" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 }, { "id": "ghrelin-biology", "url": "https://www.peptideschool.org/research/peptides/ghrelin-biology", "title": "Ghrelin Requires a Specific Acyl Modification for Canonical GHSR Signaling", "family": "peptide", "publicationDate": "2026-08-11", "reviewDate": "2026-08-11", "institutionalAuthor": "Published by PeptideSchool Editorial Desk", "sourceCount": 2, "sourceDomains": [ "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov", "uniprot.org" ], "sources": [ { "title": "GHRL - Appetite-regulating Hormone - Homo sapiens", "publisher": "UniProt Consortium", "url": "https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9UBU3/entry" }, { "title": "GHRL Ghrelin and Obestatin Prepropeptide Gene", "publisher": "National Center for Biotechnology Information", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51738" } ], "relatedArticleCount": 3 } ] }